Education

Biography

Dr. Xiao-Ming Sun is Associate Professor of Audiology in the Department of Communication Science and Disorders at Wichita State University. He graduated from a medical school in China, pursued graduate training in otolaryngology and worked as an ENT doctor. In 1990s, he earned his PhD degree in hearing science from the University of Connecticut and had postdoctoral training in auditory neurophysiology at the University of Michigan. Since then he has been working as a faculty member in Doctor of Audiology (AuD) programs.

He is currently teaching courses such as acoustics and instrumentation, anatomy and physiology of the auditory system, otoacoustic emissions, medical audiology, and auditory evoked potentials. He advises AuD and PhD students in their research projects.

He has published his research in Hearing Research, Ear and Hearing, International Journal of Audiology, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, and Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, etc. He is a member of several professional and scientific associations including Association for Research in Otolaryngology. He also serves as an editorial board member and/or reviewer for several professional journals.

Research Interest

1. Physiology of the cochlea, the middle ear, and the auditory efferent system;
2. Physiological assessment techniques in audiology [e.g., otoacoustic emissions, auditory evoked potentials, and wideband acoustic immittance (wideband reflectance/absorbance and acoustic reflex)], with focus on effects of procedural and subject variables, middle ear dysfunctions, and contralateral-sound suppression; normative study; clinical applications in the screening and diagnosis of hearing loss.

Scientific Activities

Honors and Awards

• The Alpha Eta National Allied Health Honor Society (2006)
• National Research Service Award (1999) National Institutes of Health, T32 DC000011–20 postdoctoral training grant.
• Travel Award (1995) Univ. of Connecticut Research Foundation, A presentation at the Association for Research in Otolaryngology Middle Winter Meeting.
• Predoctoral Fellowship (1992–1998) Graduate School, Univ. of Connecticut
• University Scholarship for International Students (1992–1995) Graduate School, Univ. of Connecticut
• Excellent Employee of the Year (1990) Hunan College of Chinese Medicine, P.R. China
• Excellent Employee of the Year (1989) Hunan College of Chinese Medicine, P.R. China
• Scholarship for Education in Medical Specialties (1984–1987) Ministry of Education, P.R. China
• Medical Education Scholarship (1978–1982) Department of Education, Hunan Province, P.R. China
  

Publications

Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles

1. Sun, X.-M., Burdiek, L.M., McCoy, B.L., Frye, M.D. (2017) Wideband acoustic immittance: Normative study of ambient-pressure measurements in adults. International Journal of Audiology, (under review)
2. Shaver, M.D., Sun, X.-M. (2017) Wideband acoustic immittance: Test-retest reliability of energy reflectance measurements in adults, Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, (under review)
3. Frye, M.D., Sun, X.-M. (2017) Contralateral wideband acoustic reflex thresholds: Normative study and test-retest reliability, Ear and Hearing (under review)
4. Sun, X.-M. (2016) Wideband acoustic immittance: Normative study and test-retest reliability of tympanometric measurements in adults. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 59(4):819-834. doi: 10.1044/2016_JSLHR-H-14-0322 [Cited: 1] *
5. Carazo, C.D., Sun, X.-M. (2015) Effects of consecutive trials and test-retest reliability of 1000-Hz tympanometry in adults, International Journal of Audiology, 54(4):241-248. (online Sept. 29th, 2014) doi: 10.3109/14992027.2014.955888 (*corresponding author) [Cited: 3] *
6. Burdiek, L.M., Sun, X.-M. (2014) Effects of consecutive wideband tympanometry trials on energy absorbance measures of the middle ear, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57(5):1997-2004. doi: 10.1044/2014_JSLHR-H-13-0344 (*corresponding author) [Cited: 7] *
7. Shaver, M.D., Sun, X.-M. (2013) Wideband energy reflectance measurements: Effects of negative middle ear pressure and application of a pressure compensation procedure. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 134(1):332 –341. doi: 10.1121/1.4807509 (*corresponding author) [Cited: 13] *
8. Sun, X.-M., Shaver, M.D., Harader, J. (2013) Tympanometric measures in ears with negative middle ear pressure, and tests of some common assumptions. International Journal of Audiology, 52(5):333– 341. doi: 10.3109/14992027.2012.759664 [Cited: 2] *
9. Sun, X.-M. (2012) Ear canal pressure variations versus negative middle ear pressure: Comparison using distortion product otoacoustic emission measurement in humans. Ear and Hearing, 33(1):69–78. (online July 8th, 2011) doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182280326 [Cited: 12] *
10. Sun, X.-M., Shaver, M.D. (2009) Effects of negative middle-ear pressure on distortion product otoacoustic emissions and application of a compensation procedure in humans. Ear and Hearing, 30(2):191–202. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e31819769e1 [Cited: 35] *
11. Sun, X.-M. (2008) Contralateral suppression of distortion product otoacoustic emissions and the middle-ear muscle reflex in human ears. Hearing Research, 237(1-2):66–75. (online Dec. 28th, 2007) doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2007.12.004 [Cited: 41] *
12. Sun, X.-M. (2008) Distortion product otoacoustic emission fine structure is responsible for variability of distortion product otoacoustic emission contralateral suppression. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 123(6):4310–4320. doi: 10.1121/1.2912434 [Cited: 22] *
13. Zhang, F, Boettcher, F.A., Sun, X.-M. (2007) Contralateral suppression of distortion product otoacoustic emissions: Effect of the primary frequency in DPgrams. International Journal of Audiology, 46(4):187–195. [Cited: 25] *
14. Sun, X.-M., Kim, D.O. (1999) Adaptation of 2f1–f2 distortion product otoacoustic emission in young-adult and old CBA and C57 mice. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105(6):3399–3409. [Cited: 29] *
15. Parham, K., Sun, X.-M., Kim, D.O. (1999) Distortion product otoacoustic emissions in the CBA/J mouse model of presbycusis. Hearing Research, 134(1-2):29–38. [Cited: 24] *
16. Kim, D.O., Sun, X.-M., Jung, M.D., Leonard, G. (1997) A new method of measuring distortion product otoacoustic emissions using multiple tone pairs: Study of human adults. Ear and Hearing, 18(4):277–285. [Cited: 16] *
17. Sun, X.-M., Kim, D.O., Jung, M.D., Randolph, K.J. (1996) Distortion product otoacoustic emission test of sensorineural hearing loss in humans: Comparison of unequal- and equal-level stimuli. Annals of Otology Rhinology and Laryngology, 105(12):982–990. [Cited: 30] *
18. Kim, D.O., Paparello, J., Jung, M.D., Smurzynski, J., Sun, X. (1996) Distortion product otoacoustic emission test of sensorineural hearing loss: Performance regarding sensitivity, specificity and receiver operating characteristics. Acta Oto-laryngologica (Stockholm), 116(1):3–11. [Cited: 91] *
19. Sun, X., Tan, J. (1987) A method of treating hearing loss using Chinese medicines. Shanxi Journal of Chinese Medicine (China), 8:356–8.

Other Publications

1. Sun, X.-M. (2014) Assessment of conductive dysfunction: wideband acoustic immittance. Journal of Communication Disorders, Deaf Studies, and Hearing Aids, 2:e115. doi: 10.4172/jcdsha.1000e115
2. Bian, J.H., Sun, X.-M. (2014) Effects of air pressure change rate in the ear canal on 1000 Hz tympanograms: A preliminary report, Proceedings of the 10th Annual GRASP Symposium, Wichita State University, pp.58–60.
3. Burdiek, L.M., Sun, X.-M. (2013) A normative study on wideband tympanometry and energy reflectance in humans ears: Effects of repetitive measurements, Proceedings of the 9th Annual GRASP Symposium, Wichita State University, pp.31–32.
4. Nguyen, K., Sun, X.-M. (2010) Effects of negative middle-ear pressure on auditory steady-state responses: a preliminary study, Proceedings of the 6th Annual GRASP Symposium, Wichita State University, pp.157–158.
5. Harader, J., Sun, X.-M. (2009) Tympanometric measures in human ears with negative middle-ear pressure, Proceedings of the 5th Annual GRASP Symposium, Wichita State University, pp.108–109.

Books and Chapters

1. Parham, K., Sun, X.-M., Kim, D.O. (2001) Noninvasive assessment of auditory function in mice: auditory brainstem response and distortion product otoacoustic emissions. In J. Willott (ed.), Handbook of Mouse Auditory Research: From Behavior to Molecular Biology. CRC Press, New York, NY. [Cited: 7] *[Cited: 45] *
2. Sun, X.-M. (1998) Distortion product otoacoustic emissions in mouse models of early–onset and late–onset presbycusis, Dissertation Collection for University of Connecticut, Publication# AAI9906718, ISBN: 9780599044586. (Date last viewed, 8/12/2016)
3. Sun, X.-M. (1996) Deafness and Rehabilitation of Hearing and Language. In C. Li & D. Tian (Eds.) Science on the Eye, Ear, Nose, Throat and Oral Cavity. Hunan Press of Science and Technology, Changsha, P.R. China, pp.240–242
4. Sun, X.-M. (1996) Examination of the Ear. Invited chapter in C. Li & D. Tian (Eds.) Science on the Eye, Ear, Nose, Throat and Oral Cavity. Hunan Press of Science and Technology, Changsha, P.R. China, pp.183–185
5. Sun, X.-M. (1996) Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear. In C. Li & D. Tian (Eds.) Science on the Eye, Ear, Nose, Throat and Oral Cavity. Hunan Press of Science and Technology, Changsha, P.R. China, pp.177–181
6. Tan, J., Li, F., Xu, S., Zhang, S., Long, T., Sun, X. et al. (1990) Diseases of the Ear, Nose and Throat in Chinese Medicine. textbook, Hunan College of Chinese Medicine, P.R. China.

Refereed Research Presentations

1. Burdine, R., Sun, X.-M., (2017) Comparison of wideband and single-frequency acoustic reflex thresholds in normal-hearing adults, The American Academy of Audiology (AAA) Annual Convention (AudiologyNOW!, Indianapolis, IN, April 5-8).
2. Burdine, R., Sun, X.-M., (2017) Ipsilateral and Contralateral Wideband Acoustic Reflex Thresholds in Adults, Bulletin of the American Auditory Society (The 44th Annual Scientific and Technology Conference, Scottsdale, AZ, March 2–4), 42(1): p. 9.
3. Sun, X.-M., McCoy, B.L., Frye, M.D. (2016) Wideband acoustic reflex thresholds: A preliminary study in adult ears with self- induced middle ear pressure, Abstracts of the 39th Annual Midwinter Meeting, Association for Research in Otolaryngology (ARO) (San Diego, CA, February 20–24), p. 92.
4. Sun, X.-M. (2015) Normative study and test-retest reliability of wideband tympanometry in adults, Bulletin of the American Auditory Society (The 42nd Annual Scientific and Technology Conference, Scottsdale, AZ, March 5–7), 40(1): p. 11.
5. Frye, M.D., Sun, X.-M. (2015) Contralateral wideband acoustic reflex thresholds: Normative study and test-retest reliability, Bulletin of the American Auditory Society (The 42nd Annual Scientific and Technology Conference, Scottsdale, AZ, March 5–7), 40(1): pp.56-57.
6. Bian, J.H., Sun, X.-M. (2014) Effects of direction and rate of ear canal air pressure change on 1000 Hz tympanograms, The AAA Annual Convention (AudiologyNOW!, PP610, Orlando, FL, March 26-29).
7. Sun, X.-M., Burdiek, L.M. (2014) Positive middle ear pressure versus ear canal pressure variations: a preliminary study with wideband power absorbance in humans, Abstracts of the 37th Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO (San Diego, CA, February 22–26), pp.477-478. [Cited: 1]*
8. Sun, X.-M., Shaver, M.D. (2013) Negative middle ear pressure versus ear canal pressure variations: Effects on wideband energy absorbance measurements in humans, Abstracts of the 36th Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO (Baltimore, MD, February 16–20), p.350.
9. Burdiek, L.M., Sun, X.-M. (2013) Effects of repetitive measurements on wideband tympanometry and energy reflectance, The AAA Annual Convention (AudiologyNOW!, Anaheim, CA, April 3-6), p.194.
10. Carazo, C.D., Sun, X.-M. (2013) Effects of repetitive measurements on 1,000 Hz tympanometry in adults, The AAA Annual Convention (AudiologyNOW!, Anaheim, CA, April 3-6), p.194.
11. Sun, X.-M., Eldridge, K.R. (2012) The sweep-frequency procedure for clinically estimating the middle-ear resonant frequency: data from ears with negative middle-ear pressure and implications, Abstracts of the 35th Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO (San Diego, CA, February 25–29), p.301.
12. Cavenee, R.D., Sun, X.-M. (2012) Effects of postural change on wideband energy reflectance measurements of middle ear function, The AAA Annual Convention (AudiologyNOW!, Boston, MA, March 28-31), p.170.
13. Slaven-McCaslin, A.D., Sun, X.-M., Nixon , H.L.(2012) A study on noise-induced hearing loss in law enforcement officers, The AAA Annual Convention (AudiologyNOW!, Boston, MA, March 28-31), p.172.
14. Shaver, M.D., Sun, X.-M. (2012) Immediate test-retest reliability of wideband energy reflectance in normal-hearing adults, Bulletin of the American Auditory Society (The 39th Annual Scientific and Technology Conference, Scottsdale, AZ, March 8–10), 37(1): pp.??.
15. Sun, X.-M., Lynn, T.M., Shaver, M.D., DiLollo, L.D. (2011) Tympanometric preconditioning in negative middle-ear pressure, The AAA Annual Convention (AudiologyNOW!, Chicago, IL, April 6-9), p.132.
16. Eldridge, K.R., Sun, X.-M. (2011) Resonant frequency in self-induced negative middle-ear pressure, The AAA Annual Convention (AudiologyNOW!, Chicago, IL, April 6-9), p.130.
17. Sun, X.-M., Sturm, C.J. (2011) A preliminary study on simultaneous testing of auditory brainstem response and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions, Abstracts of the 34th Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO (Baltimore, MD, February 19–23), pp.254–255.
18. Shaver, M.D., Sun, X.-M. (2011) Effects of negative middle-ear pressure on wideband energy reflectance, Bulletin of the American Auditory Society (Annual Scientific and Technology Conference, Scottsdale, AZ, March 3–5), 36(1): 39–40.
19. Shaver, M.D., Sun, X.-M. (2007) Effects of negative middle ear pressure on spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs), Bulletin of the American Auditory Society (Annual Scientific and Technology Conference, Scottsdale, AZ, March 4–6), 32(1): 53.
20. Sun, X.-M. (2007) A study on improving the DPOAE contralateral suppression test in human ears: effect of middle-ear muscle reflex and measurement of phase change, Abstracts of the 30th Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO (Denver, CO, February 10–15), p.277. [Cited: 2]*
21. Sun, X.-M., Shaver, M.D. (2006) Intra- and inter-subject test-retest reliability of distortion product otoacoustic emissions, The Annual Convention of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), Miami, FL, Nov. 16–18.
22. Sun, X.-M., Shaver, M.D. (2006) Comparison of the effects of negative middle-ear pressure and ear-canal pressure variation on distortion product otoacoustic emissions, Abstracts of the 29th Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO (Baltimore, MD, February 5–9), p.21–22.
23. Sun, X.-M., Shaver, M.D. (2005) Compensated otoacoustic emissions in humans with negative middle-ear pressure, The Annual Convention of ASHA. San Diego, CA, Nov. 18–20.
24. Sun, X.-M. (2005) Distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) fine structure is responsible for the variability of DPOAE contralateral suppression effect, Abstracts of the 28th Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO (New Orleans, LA, Feb. 19–24), p.233. [Cited: 2]*
25. Sun, X.-M., Zhang, F. (2004) A preliminary study on comparison of the olivocochlear efferent and middle-ear muscle reflexes in frequency selectivity using distortion product otoacoustic emission measurement, Abstracts of the 27th Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO, p.179.
26. Zhang, F., Sun, X.-M., Boettcher, F.A. (2004) Contralateral suppression of distortion product otoacoustic emission fine structure, The Annual Convention of ASHA. Philadelphia, PA, November 18–20.
27. Sun, X.-M. (2003) Distinctive contributions of olivocochlear efferent and middle-ear muscle reflexes to the alteration of distortion product otoacoustic emissions by contralateral noise. Abstracts of the 26th Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO, p.101
28. Sun, X.-M., Adams, E.M., Duncan, K.R. (2002) Effects of the acoustic reflex on distortion product otoacoustic emissions. The ASHA Leader, (7)15: p.238. The Annual Convention of ASHA
29. Duncan, K.R., Sun, X.-M. (2002) Comparison of contralateral acoustic suppression of DPOAEs and TEOAEs, The ASHA Leader, (7)15: p.241. The Annual Convention of ASHA
30. Duncan, K.R., Sun, X.-M. (2001) Distortion product otoacoustic emissions to multiple tone pairs. The ASHA Leader, (6)15: p.60. The Annual Convention of ASHA.
31. Ota, Y, Sun, X.-M., Dolan, D.F. (2001) Efferent enhancement of the DPOAE and CAP. Abstracts of the 24th Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO, p.9.
32. Sun, X.-M., Dolan, D.F. (2000) Characteristics of efferent mediated enhancement of distortion product otoacoustic emissions. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 107(5–2): 2916 (139th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America). [Cited: 3]*
33. Sun, X.-M., Ota ,Y., Dolan, D.F. (2000) Alteration of the efferent suppression of cochlear responses in acoustically induced cochlear insult. Abstracts of the 23rd Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO, p.278.
34. Sun, X.-M.. Kim, D.O. (1999) Effects of contralateral stimulation on distortion product otoacoustic emissions in CBA and C57 mice of various ages. Abstracts of the 22nd Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO, p.97.
35. Sun, X.-M., Kim, D.O., Parham, K. (1998) Effects of stimulus parameters on distortion product otoacoustic emissions in the CBA mouse model of age-related hearing loss. Abstracts of the 21st Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO, p.79.
36. Kim, D.O., Sun, X.-M. (1998) Efferent-mediated adaptation of 2f1–f2 distortion product otoacoustic emission in mice. Abstracts of the 21st Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO, p.151. [Cited: 3]*
37. Sun, X.-M., Kim, D.O., Jung, M.D., Leonard, G. (1997) Distortion product otoacoustic emissions in full-term and pre-term infants: normal range, effects of age and gender and input-output functions. The ASHA Leader, (2)15: p.128. The Annual Convention of ASHA.
38. Kim, D.O., Sun, X.-M., Jung, M.D., Leonard, G., Bhatnagar, N., Pappagallo, M., Rowe, J.C. (1997) A new method of measuring distortion product otoacoustic emissions using multiple tone pairs: Study of human infants. The ASHA Leader, (2)15: p.128. The Annual Convention of ASHA.
39. Sun, X.-M., Kim, D.O., Jung, M.D., Randolph, K.J., Parham, K. (1997) Optimal stimulus level and level difference for the distortion product otoacoustic emission test of sensorineural hearing loss. Abstracts of the 20th Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO, p.24. [Cited: 1]*
40. Parham, K., Gerber, A., McKowen, A., Sun, X.-M., Kim, D.O. (1997) Distortion product otoacoustic emissions of the DBA/2J mouse with early-onset progressive hearing loss. Abstracts of the 20th Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO, p.194. [Cited: 10]*
41. Kim, D.O., Sun, X.-M., Jung, M.D., Leonard, G. (1997) A new method of measuring distortion product otoacoustic emissions using multiple tone pairs: Study of human adults. Abstracts of the 20th Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO, p.23.
42. Sun, X.-M., Parham, K., Kim, D.O. (1997) Effects of stimulus parameters on distortion product otoacoustic emissions in the c57bl/6j mouse with age-related hearing loss. Abstracts of the 20th Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO, p.101. [Cited: 4]*
43. Sun, X., Parham, K., Kim, D.O. (1996) Distortion product otoacoustic emissions of an animal model of presbycusis, the CBA/J mouse. Abstracts of the 19th Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO, p.25. [Cited: 3]*
44. Parham, K., Sun, X., Kim, D.O. (1996) Examination of optimal stimulus parameters for distortion product otoacoustic emissions in mouse models of presbycusis. Abstracts of the 19th Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO, p.26. [Cited: 5]*
45. Sun, X., Kim, D.O., Jung, M.D., Randolph, K.J. (1995) The performance of distortion product otoacoustic emission test of sensorineural hearing loss in humans: Comparison of stimuli with L1>L2 and L1=L2. Abstracts of the 18th Annual Midwinter Meeting, ARO, p.125. [Cited: 3]*
46. Sun, X., Chen J. (1988) Functional status of Eustachian tube in otitis media with effusion. The First Meeting of the Central and South China in Otolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, ZhuZhou, P.R. China, July 24–29.

Other Research Presentations

1. Burdine, R., Sun, X.-M. (2016) Ipsilateral and Contralateral Wideband Acoustic Reflex Thresholds in Adults, The Annual Conference of Kansas Speech-Language-Hearing Association (KSHA), Topeka, KS, Sept. 29-Oct. 1.
2. Frye, M.D., Sun, X.-M. (2014) Contralateral wideband acoustic reflex thresholds: Normative study and test-retest reliability, The Annual Conference of KSHA, Overland Park, KS, Sept. 18-20.
3. Bian, J.H., Sun, X.-M. (2014) Effects of air pressure change rate in the ear canal on 1000 Hz tympanograms, The 10th Annual Symposium on Graduate Research and Scholarly Projects (GRASP), Wichita State University, April 25.
4. Burdiek, L.M., Sun, X.-M. (2013) Effects of repetitive measurements of wideband tympanometry on energy absorbance, The Annual Conference of KSHA, Topeka, KS, Sept. 12–14.
5. Burdiek, L.M., Sun, X.-M. (2013) A normative study on wideband tympanometry and energy reflectance in humans ears: Effects of repetitive measurements, The 9th Annual Symposium on GRASP, Wichita State University, May 8.
6. Burdiek, L.M., Sun, X.-M. (2013) A normative study on wideband tympanometry and energy reflectance in human ears: Effects of repetitive measurements, The 10th Annual Capitol Graduate Research Summit, Topeka, KS, Feb. 14th.
7. Cavenee, R.D., Sun, X.-M. (2012) Wideband energy reflectance measurements and non-pathological variables: posture and probe insertion depth, The Annual Conference of KSHA, Wichita, KS, Sept. 27–29.
8. Eldridge, K.R., Sun, X.-M. (2011) Resonant frequency in self-induced negative middle-ear pressure, The Annual Conference of KSHA, Overland Park, KS, Sept. 15–17.
9. Nguyen, K., Sun, X.-M. (2010) Effects of negative middle-ear pressure on auditory steady-state responses: a preliminary study, The 6th Annual Symposium on GRASP, Wichita State University, April 23.
10. Harader, J., Sun, X.-M. (2009) Tympanometric measures in human ears with negative middle-ear pressure, The 5th Annual Symposium on GRASP, Wichita State University, May 1.
11. Popp, A., Sun, X.-M. (2008) A survey on the application of otoacoustic emission measures in newborn hearing screening in the Midwest, The Annual Conference of KSHA, Overland Park, KS, Oct. 2–4.
12. Sun, X.-M. (2006) Distortion product otoacoustic emission measurement with multiple tone pairs, The Annual Conference of KSHA, Wichita, KS, Sept. 28–30.
13. Kanekama, Y., Liu, C., Sun, X.-M. (2006) Preliminary study on hearing in noise and auditory efferent function, The Annual Conference of KSHA, Wichita, KS, Sept 28–30.
14. Sun, X.-M., Zhang, F. (2003) The time course of distortion product otoacoustic emissions with contralateral acoustic stimulation in human ears. The 10th Annual Research Forum of University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, April 21 – 25.