Dentistry and Oral Health-Sci Forschen

Full Text

RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effect of Energy Drinks on Color Stability of Different Restorative Materials

  Maha AlSarheed1*      Fouad Salama2   

1Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2Former Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

*Corresponding author: Maha AlSarheed, Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, PO Box 11545, 60169 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, E-mail: malsarheed@ksu.edu.sa


Abstract

Background: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of finishing/polishing procedures on color stability of three restorative materials: Nano-hybrid resin composite (NRC), silver glass ionomer cement (SGI), and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGI) exposed to different staining of energy drinks: Barbican, Bison, and Red bull.

Methods: Cylindrical specimens (9 mm × 2 mm) were prepared from three restorative materials (shade A2) used in pediatric dentistry. From each material, 40 specimens were prepared, finished and polished using the Sof-Lex system and then color was measured (Testing Phase One-T1). The specimens in each subgroup were exposed to different oral staining beverages and distilled water as control. The color measurement was repeated three times. The change in color of the specimens was measured by the color difference formula ΔE* which is the difference between final and initial values.

Results: All groups showed color changes after the application of energy drinks and distilled water with a statistically significant difference among the restorative materials and energy drinks (P<0.05). When discoloration of different materials is considered overall, the highest discoloration, which is the difference from baseline, was recorded for Medifil IX AC after application of Bison, for EsCom100 after application of distilled water, and for Medifil Silver after application of Red Bull. Multiple comparison tests showing correlations between different energy drinks and distilled water by the restorative materials at baseline and after application of energy drinks and distilled water.

Conclusion: The color difference ΔE* between final and initial values after exposure to different staining of energy drinks was unacceptable for all restorative materials tested with the exception of the resin composite.

Keywords

Energy drinks; Dental restorative materials; Color stability; Surface treatment


Background

The consumption of sports and energy drinks has gained high popularity among the adolescent population [1]. Although the purpose of those drinks is to enhance performance and endurance and prevent dehydration for individuals involved in physical activity, they are being widely consumed by the general population [2]. Previous studies have shown that these beverages potentially cause dental erosion and, due to their acidity, may be detrimental to the properties of restorative materials [3].

Dental esthetic is desired by both adolescents and parents, and the advent of tooth-colored restoratives material has been indispensable for this purpose. Even dentists prefer to use tooth-colored restorative materials, which have different physical properties, and shades compared to non-aesthetic restorative materials such as amalgam [4]. These restorative materials to be clinically successful are required to have long-term continuity, a quality which is strongly influenced not only by the intrinsic characteristics of the materials but also by the environment to which they are exposed [5]. A common problem encountered with these materials, after months and years of use and exposure to a variety of different food and liquid ingested by adolescents [6]. In addition, other factors such as low pH due to acidic foods and drinks may influence the material's mechanical and physical characteristics [7].

Resin composite, glass-ionomer, and resin-modified glassionomer are the best direct esthetic materials these days due to their improvement in mechanical properties, esthetic, and bonding [8]. Physical properties can be influenced by the chemical environment present in the mouth. The change in the oral environment that causes the staining can occur either intrinsically or extrinsically [9]. Intrinsically, color can change due to physiochemical alterations of the resin matrix. Color can also change extrinsically due to the absorption of stains on the outer surface [6]. Many new restorative materials have been developed, and the ability to prevent extrinsic and intrinsic stains of restorations has become an important challenge. Adolescents consume many beverages due to their daily diet; these drinks may affect their esthetic restorations [10]. Few studies evaluated the effect of energy drinks on esthetic direct dental materials commonly used for younger age [10,6]. Therefore, the purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of finishing/polishing procedures on color stability of three restorative materials: Nano-hybrid resin composite (NRC), silver glass ionomer cement (SGI), and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGI) exposed to different staining of energy drinks: Barbican, Bison, and Red bull. The null hypothesis was no difference in color stability of the finishing/polishing procedures of different restorative materials exposed to different staining of energy drinks.

Materials and Methods

This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Human Studies, College of Dentistry Research Center, King Saud University (KSU) and granted by the Deanship of Research of KSU. A lightcured Nano-hybrid resin composite (EsCom100, Spident, Co, Ltd, Gojan-Dong, Korea), a Silver reinforced glass ionomer (Medifil Silver, Promedica Dental Material GmbH, Neumuenster, Germany,) and a glass ionomer (Medifil IX AC, Promedica Dental Material GmbH, Neumuenster, Germany) with all shade A2 shade were used. A total of 120 disc-shaped specimens (n=40 for each material), 9 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick, were prepared using a customized cylindrical metal mold. In order to obtain a flat polymerized surface without bubble formation, the specimens were covered on both sides (top and bottom) with a polyester matrix strip (Mylar Strip, Henry Schein, Melvilie, NY, USA) and a thin, rigid glass microscope slide (1- mm thick) (Shandon Polysine Slides, Thermo Scientific, Kalamazoo, Mich., USA) and pressure were applied on the slides to extrude the excess material. Where applicable the restorative materials were then polymerized through the glass slide and polyester matrix strip according to the manufacturer’s recommendations, using a light cur unit LED (Elipar free Light 2, 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) operating in standard mode and emitting not less than 800 mW/cm2, as measured with a light meter that was placed on the curing unit before beginning the polymerization. Afterward, all specimens were stored in distilled water in a lightproof container for 24 hours at 37°C. The top surfaces of all specimens were serially polished with a series of three grades (medium, fine, and super-fine) of Sof-Lex disks (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) with a slow-speed hand-piece under dry conditions for 30 seconds for each specimen before color evaluation. The samples were randomly divided into 4 groups where every group consists of 10 specimens of each material. All specimens were stored in distilled water in a lightproof container for 24 hours at 37°C before measurement of the color (Testing Phase One-T1). The color was measured 3 times in the center of each specimen using a spectrophotometer (Color-Eye 7000, NY, USA) against a white background using LABCH relative to CIE standard illuminants D65, CWF, and C to measure ΔE (color difference) for SCI (Specular Component Included). All specimens according to the groups were then immersed in the energy drinks Barbican (based Bass Brewery, UK), Bison (Hayaloti Co. Ltd, Turkey) and Red bull 9 Red Bull GmbH, Austrian) or distilled water for 96 hours. Specimens were rinsed and prepared for color measurement (Testing Phase Two-T2) similar to the baseline measurement.

Statistical analysis

Two-way analysis of variance was used and tests the interaction between materials and media then one-way ANOVA was used to test the effect of material within each media and media within the material. Turkey multiple comparison tests used to pairwise comparison. Level of the significant set at 0.05 any p-value less than Two-way analysis of variance used and test the interaction between Material and media then one way ANOVA used to test the effect of material within each media and media within the material. Turkey multiple comparison tests used to pairwise comparison. Level of the significant set at 0.05 any p-value less than that considers significance.

Results

Table 1 presents color change values ΔE* of the restorative materials at baseline and after application of energy drinks and distilled water as control. All groups showed color changes after the application of energy drinks and distilled water with a statistically significant difference among the restorative materials and energy drinks (P<0.05). When discoloration of different materials is considered overall, the highest discoloration, which is the difference from baseline, was recorded for Medifil IX AC after application of Bison, for EsCom100 after application of distilled water, and for Medifil Silver after application of Red Bull. ΔE* decreased after the application of Red Bull for Medifil IX AC and after the application of Barbican, Bison, and Red Bull on EsCom100. The ΔE* increased after the application of Barbican, Bison, Red Bull, and distilled water on Medifil Silver. Multiple comparison tests showed correlations between different energy drinks and distilled water by the restorative materials at baseline and after application of energy drinks and distilled water (Table 1). Figure 1 showing the average ΔE* for each restorative material after the application of energy drinks and distilled water.

Figure 1: Average color change values (ΔE*) for each restorative material after application of energy drinks and distilled water.

Restorative Material Energy Drinks and Control Time Mean Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval P-value
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Medifil IX AC Distilled Water Baseline 1.291 0.143 1.009 1.573 0.475
After application 1.431 0.243 0.953 1.909
Barbican Baseline 2.148 0.143 1.866 2.430 0.806
After application 2.212 0.243 1.734 2.691
Bison Baseline 2.197 0.143 1.915 2.479 0.0001
After application 5.420 0.243 4.941 5.898
Red Bull Baseline 2.573 0.143 2.291 2.855 0.051
After application 1.990 0.243 1.511 2.468
EsCom100 Distilled Water Baseline 1.797 0.143 1.515 2.079 0.0001
After application 2.184 0.243 1.705 2.662
Barbican Baseline 1.420 0.143 1.138 1.702 0.005
After application 0.883 0.243 0.404 1.361
Bison Baseline 1.316 0.143 1.034 1.598 0.444
After application 1.227 0.243 0.749 1.705
Red Bull Baseline 2.170 0.143 1.888 2.452 0.022
After application 1.669 0.243 1.191 2.147
Medifil Silver Distilled Water Baseline 0.921 0.143 0.639 1.203 0.0001
After application 2.106 0.243 1.628 2.584
Barbican Baseline 1.527 0.143 1.245 1.809 0.026
After application 2.567 0.243 2.089 3.046
Bison Baseline 1.400 0.143 1.117 1.682 0.0001
After application 3.305 0.243 2.827 3.783
Red Bull Baseline 1.518 0.143 1.236 1.800 0.0001
After application 3.458 0.243 2.979 3.936

Table 1: Color change values (ΔE*) of the tested restorative materials at baseline and after application of the energy drinks.

Discussion

The present study analyzed the colorimetric behavior of three restorative materials to evaluate whether different compositions influence color stability by considering the effect of different energy drinks and polishing systems. The null hypothesis was rejected, as there was a difference in color stability of the finishing/polishing procedures of different restorative materials exposed to different staining of energy drinks. Discoloration of restorative materials remains a major cause for their esthetic failure and this can be a reason for the replacement of restorations in esthetic zones. This process concerns both patients and dentists and consumes time and money [11]. Discoloration in restorative materials is multifactorial and it can be either intrinsic or extrinsic induced discoloration [10,12]. Resin matrix, filler loading, and photoinitiator systems have a direct impact on intrinsic color stability [13]. Such materials are susceptible to extrinsic staining; including plaque accumulation, superficial degradation, and surface stains due to adsorption of staining agents such as children beverages [14,15].

Color stability can be evaluated both visually and by using specific devices [16,17]. The methodology used in the present study is according to previous studies that used spectrophotometric analysis [16,17]. This system was chosen to evaluate color variation (ΔE*) because it is appropriate for small color changes determination and has advantages such as repeatability, sensitivity, and objectivity [18]. A spectrophotometer is used to measure resistance to staining effects which could be due to tea, coffee and juice and lower values indicate less staining [19]. In the present study, finishing and polishing processes may affect surface smoothness and could be related to early discoloration as rough surfaces collect surface stains more than smooth surfaces [20,21]. In addition, in the present study, all tested restorative materials were not equally susceptible to surface staining which may be related to their different composition. This explains the differences observed between these materials in this investigation. Ideally, restorative materials should not change in color or appearance, but a degree of color change can be caused by a number of factors, including incomplete polymerization, water sorption, chemical reactivity, oral hygiene, and the surface smoothness of the restoration [22]. Even the distilled water resulted in a color change. Previous studies have shown that the water component of the mouthwashes might affect the color stability of restorative materials [23,24]. Furthermore, some researchers observed that water sorption was closely related to stain sorption [25,26]. Therefore, hydrophobic materials such as resin composite were more stain-resistant than hydrophilic materials [25,26]. Previous studies observed that the resin matrix plays a critical role in staining susceptibility [13,15,19].

The staining of restorations is known to be affected by dietary factors [10,27]. Consumption of soft drinks is known to have increased in recent years and is especially high among young individuals [1,2]. Many studies have evaluated the effects of different types of drinks on the stability of color of restorative materials, however, few reports were published on the effect of energy drinks [10,27,28]. Different in vitro studies have demonstrated that common food and drinks, such as coffee, cola, tea, fruit juices, soy sauce, mustard, and ketchup could cause a significant change in surface color of resin composite materials and glass ionomers [29,30]. It has been reported that the color difference values (ΔE*) ranging from 1 to 3 are perceptible to the naked eye and ΔE* values greater than three are clinically unacceptable [31]. The present study found the resin composite (EsCom100) to be the most resistant to staining, followed by Silver Medifil, and MedifilIX AC. This result is not in agreement with previous studies, which found that conventional glass ionomer cement has greater color stability than reinforced glass ionomers or resin composites [15,29]. Furthermore, in the present study, all groups showed color changes after the application of energy drinks and distilled water with a statistically significant difference among the restorative materials and energy drinks. In addition, multiple comparison tests showed correlations between different energy drinks and distilled water by the restorative materials at baseline and after application of energy drinks and distilled water. Color changes for tested restorative materials following immersion in energy drinks showed different degrees of visual perceptions, which were considered clinically unacceptable. Color changes for tested restorative materials may be explained by the composition of the energy drinks such as the acidity of 3.3 (Red Bull, barbican) and 3 (Bison) and their effect on the structure of the tested restorative materials. Previous studies have demonstrated that the low pH of active preventive mouthwashes such as fluoride may influence hardness, wear, and color stability [32-34]. The acidity may change the polymeric matrixes of resin composites affecting di-methacrylate monomers, present in their compositions [35,36]. The previous studies suggested that, by lowering the solution’s pH level, there is a production of methacrylic acid that results in sorption and hygroscopic expansion as a consequence of enzymatic hydrolysis and biodegradation [35,36]. In addition, the difference in color stability of the tested restorative materials could be due to their different composition. The physical properties of resin composites (EsCom100), the silver reinforced glass ionomer (Silver Medifil), and the glass-ionomers (MedifilIX AC) are dependent on the nature of the resin matrix, filler particle and resin-filler interface [8]. The present study found the resin composite (EsCom100) to be the most resistant to staining, followed by Silver Medifil, and MedifilIX AC. The three restorative materials differ in their composition. EsCom100 is a light-cured nano-hybrid resin composite designed for posterior and anterior restorations, easy polishability, exceptional wear resistance, low polymerization shrinkage, and superior compressive strength, and radiopaque [37]. The latter material showed the highest discoloration after distilled water. Medifil Silver is silver reinforced glass ionomer cement with self-adhesion to tooth substance, increased abrasion resistance, high biocompatibility, and excellent compressive and tensile strength [38]. The latter material showed the highest discoloration after the application of Red Bull. Medifil IX AC is a glass ionomer with excellent packable consistency, strong adhesion to dentin and enamel, high compressive and flexural strength, tooth-like thermal expansion and superior abrasion resistance, highly translucent and radiopaque [38]. The latter material showed the highest discoloration after the application of Bison. In addition, ΔE* decreased after the application of Red Bull for Medifil IX AC and after the application of Barbican, Bison, and Red Bull on EsCom100. This indicates that the color change varied depending on the restorative materials and energy drinks used. However, for all materials, exposure to energy drinks resulted in significantly high rates of color change than exposure to distilled water. In addition, the resin composite showed the most resistance to staining and Medifil IX AC GI showed the least resistance.

A study that evaluated whether energy drinks have an erosive effect on glass ionomer and resin composite restorative materials concluded that all tested energy beverages had an adverse effect on the surface roughness degradation of the tested glass ionomers with increasing immersion time [39,40]. In the present study, all specimens were uniformly prepared to a thickness of 2 mm as measurements of reflective surfaces are affected by the thickness and smoothness of the specimen surface [16,17]. Furthermore, the specimens were immersed in the energy drinks or distilled water for 96 hours as a low period of immersions like three days was reported to be sufficient to evaluate color changes in the resin composites [39].

This study had certain limitations, including its in vitro setting. In vitro studies like this one can fail to reproduce the oral environment, where saliva, oral mastication, antagonist occlusion, and other factors are present that affect the surfaces of restorative materials. In addition, the clinical condition in the mouth is not easy to mimic in the laboratory setting [40]. Thermocycling was not performed in this study to simulate some aspects of the oral environment. Thermocycling should be included in future studies. Another limitation was the use of only three restorative materials. It would have been valuable if more and different restorative materials/systems had been tested. It would also be beneficial if the application of energy drinks on the tested restorative materials for a longer period was evaluated. Furthermore, the restorative material surfaces were flat, which does not simulate a clinical situation. However, in spite of these limitations, the research designates a number of positive links between an in vitro effect and a clinical effect.

Conclusions

Based on this study’s results, the following conclusions can be made:

1. The color difference ΔE* between final and initial values after exposure to different staining of energy drinks was unacceptable for all restorative materials tested with the exception of the resin composite.

2. For all materials, exposure to energy drinks resulted in significantly high rates of color change than exposure to distilled water.

3. The resin composite showed the most resistance to staining and Medifil IX AC GI showed the least resistance.


References

  1. Seifert SM, Schaechter JL, Hershorin ER, Lipshultz SE (2011) Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatrics 127: 511-528. [Ref.]
  2. Heneman K, Zidenberg-Cherr S (2007) Some facts about energy drinks. Nutrition and Health Info-Sheet For Health Professionals, University of California Davis, CA. [Ref.]
  3. Coombes JS (2005) Sports drinks and dental erosion. Am J Dent 18: 101-104. [Ref.]
  4. Tran LA, Messer LB (2003) Clinicians’ Choices of restorative materials for children. Aust Den J 48: 221-232. [Ref.]
  5. Okada K, Tosaki S, Hirota K, Hume WR (2001) Surface hardness change of restorative filling materials stored in saliva. Dent Mater 17: 34-39. [Ref.]
  6. Mohan M, Shey Z, Vaidyanathan J, Vaidyanathan TK, Munisamy S, et al. (2008) Color changes of restorative materials exposed in vitro to cola beverage. Pediatr Dent 30: 309-316. [Ref.]
  7. Honório HM, Rios D, Francisconi LF, Magalhães AC, Machado MA, et al. (2008) Effect of prolonged erosive pH cycling on different restorative materials. J Oral Rehabil 35: 947-953. [Ref.]
  8. Brandt WC, Lacerda RF, Souza-Junior EJ, Sinhoreti MA (2013) Effect of photoactivation mode on the hardness and bond strength of methacrylate and silorane monomer-based composites. J Adhes Dent 15: 33-39. [Ref.]
  9. Mora-Rodriguez R, Pallarés JG (2014) Performance outcomes and unwanted side effects associated with energy drinks. Nutr Rev 72: 108-120. [Ref.]
  10. Curtin JA, Lu H, Milledge JT, Hong L, Peterson J (2008) In vitro staining of resin composites by liquids ingested by children. Pediatr Dent 30: 317-322. [Ref.]
  11. Garoushi S, Lassila L, Hatem M, Shembesh M, Baady L, et al. (2013) Influence of staining solutions and whitening procedures on discoloration of hybrid composite resins. Acta Odontol Scand 71: 144-150. [Ref.]
  12. Villalta P, Lu H, Okte Z, Garcia-Godoy F, Powers JM (2006) Effects of staining and bleaching on color change of dental composite resins. J Prosth Dent 95: 137-142. [Ref.]
  13. Janda R, Roulet JF, Kaminsky M, Steffin G, Latta M (2004) Color stability of resin matrix restorative materials as a function of the method of light activation. Eur J Oral Sci 112: 280-285. [Ref.]
  14. Nasim I, Neelakantan P, Sujeer R, Subbarao CV (2010) Color stability of microfilled, microhybrid and nanoresin composite-an in vitro study. J Dent 38: e137-e142. [Ref.]
  15. Bagheri R, Burrow MF, Tyas M (2005) Influence of food-simulating solutions and surface finish on susceptibility to staining of aesthetic restorative materials. J Dent 33: 389-398. [Ref.]
  16. Poggio C, Vialba L, Berardengo A, Federico R, Colombo M, et al. (2017) Color stability of new esthetic restorative materials: A spectrophotometric analysis. J Funct Biomater 8: 26. [Ref.]
  17. Choi JW, Lee MJ, Oh SH, Kim KM (2019) Changes in the physical properties and color stability of aesthetic restorative materials caused by various beverages. Dent Mater J 38: 33-40. [Ref.]
  18. Dietschi D, Campanile G, Holz J, Meyer JM (1994) Comparison of the color stability of ten new-generation composites: An in vitro study. Dent Mater 10: 353-362. [Ref.]
  19. Turkun LS, Turkun M (2004) The effect of one-step polishing system on the surface roughness of three esthetic resin composite materials. Oper Dent 29: 203-211. [Ref.]
  20. Hachiya Y, Iwaku M, Hosoda H, Fusayama T (1984) Relation of finish to discoloration of composite resins. J Prosthet Dent 52: 811-814. [Ref.]
  21. Shintani H, Satou J, Satou N, Hayashihara H, Inoue T (1985) Effects of various finishing methods on staining and accumulation of Streptococcus mutans HS-6 on composite resins. Dent Mater 1: 225-227. [Ref.]
  22. Müjde S, Filiz A, Nilgün Ö, Neslihan Ç, Tolga Y (2008) Effect of Mouthrinses on Color Stability of Provisional Restorative Materials. ARAŞTIRMA 32: 2-11. [Ref.]
  23. Ortengren U, Andersson F, Elgh U, Terselius B, Karlsson S (2001) Influence of PH and storage time on the sorption and solubility behaviour of three composite resin materials. J Dent 29: 35-41. [Ref.]
  24. Mahajan RP, Shenoy VU, Sumanthini MV, Mahajan HP, Walzade PS, et al. (2019) Comparative Evaluation of the Discoloration of Microhybrid and Nanohybrid Composite Resins by Different Beverages: A Spectrophotometric Analysis. J Contemp Dent Pract 20: 226-230. [Ref.]
  25. Iazetti G, Burgess JO, Gardiner D, Ripps A (2000) Color stability of fluoride-containing restorative materials. Oper Dent 20: 520-525. [Ref.]
  26. van Noort R, Davis LG (1984) The surface finish of composite resin restorative materials. Br Dent J 157: 360-364. [Ref.]
  27. Abu-Bakr N, Han L, Okamoto A, Iwaku M (2000) Color stability of compomer after immersion in various media. J Esthet Dent 12: 258- 263. [Ref.]
  28. Fay RM, Walker CS, Powers JM (1998) Discoloration of a compomer by stains. J Gt Houst Dent Soc 69: 12-13. [Ref.]
  29. Tunc ES, Bayrak S, Guler AU, Tuloglu N (2009) The effects of children's drinks on the color stability of various restorative materials. J Clin Pediatr Dent 34: 147-150. [Ref.]
  30. Soares-Geraldo D, Scaramucci T, Jr Steagall W, Braga SRM, Sobral MAP (2011) Interaction between staining and degradation of a composite resin in contact with colored foods. Braz Oral Res 25: 369-375. [Ref.]
  31. Alawjali SS, Lui JL (2012) Effect of one-step polishing system on the colour stability of nanocomposites. J Dent 41: 53-61. [Ref.]
  32. Um CM, Ruyter IE (1991) Staining of resin-based veneering materials with coffee and tea. Quintessence Int 22: 377-386. [Ref.]
  33. Al-Samadani KH (2017) Influence of energy beverages on the surface texture of glass ionomer restorative materials. J Contemp Dent Pract 18: 937-942. [Ref.]
  34. Al-Samadani KH (2013) Effect of energy drinks on the surface texture of nanoflled composite resin. J Contemp Dent Pract 14: 830-835. [Ref.]
  35. Diab M, Zaazou MH, Mubarak EH, Fahmy OMI (2007) Effect of five commercial mouthrinses on the microhardness and color stability of two resin composite restorative materials. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 1: 667-674. [Ref.]
  36. Al-Samadani KH (2016) Surface Hardness of Dental Composite Resin Restorations in Response to Preventive Agents. J Contemp Dent Pract 17: 978-984. [Ref.]
  37. EsCom100® Light Cured Restorative, Nanohybrid Composite Resin. [Ref.]
  38. Restorative Dentistry, Composite Filling Materials. PROMEDICA. [Ref.]
  39. El-Badrawy WA, McComb D, Wood RE (1993) Effect of home-use fluoride gels on glass ionomer and composite restorations. Dent Mater 9: 63-67. [Ref.]
  40. Eliades T, Eliades G, Silikas N, Watts DC (2005) In vitro degra-dation of polyurethane orthodontic elastomeric modules. J Oral Rehabil 32: 72-77. [Ref.]

Download Provisional PDF Here

 

Article Information

Article Type: RESEARCH ARTICLE

Citation: AlSarheed M, Salama F (2021) Effect of Energy Drinks on Color Stability of Different Restorative Materials. Int J Dent Oral Health 7(5): dx.doi.org/10.16966/2378-7090.369

Copyright: © 2021 AlSarheed M, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Publication history: 

  • Received date: 17 May, 2021

  • Accepted date: 11 Jun, 2021

  • Published date: 17 Jun, 2021
  •