Journal Publications

Bartholomew, J. W. and R. E. Levin. 1955. The structure of Saccharomyces carlesburgensis and S. cerevisiae as determined by ultra-thin sectioning methods and electron microscopy. J. Gen. Microbiol. 12: 473-477.

Levin, R. E., F. M. Sawyer and P. G. Scheurer. 1966. A limited study on the sanitation of fishing trawler holds. J. Milk and Food Technol. 29: 336-337.

Levin, R. E. and Reese H. Vaughn. 1966. Desulfovibrio aestuarii , the causative agent of hydrogen sulfide spoilage of fermenting olive brines. J. Food Science 31: 768-772.

Silverrio, R. and Levin, R. E. 1967. Evaluation of methods for determining th bacterial population of fresh fillets. J. Milk and food technol. 30: 242-246.

Levin, R. E. 1968. Detection and incidence of specific spoilage bacteria on fish. I. Methodology. Appl. Microbiol. 16: 1734-1737.

Chai, T. C., C. Chen. A. Rosen and R. E. Levin. 1968. Detection and incidence of specific spoilage bacteria on fish. II. Relative incidence of P. putrefaciens and fluorescent pseudomonads on haddock fillets. J. Appl. Microbiol. 16: 1738-1741.

Levin, R. E. and Vaughn, R. H. 1968. Spontaneous spheroplast formation by Desulfovibrio aestuarii. Canadian J. Microbiol. 14: 1271-1276.

Delisle, A. L. and R. E. Levin. 1969. Bacteriophages of psychrophilic pseudomonads. I. Host range of phage pools active against fish spoilage and fish pathogenic pseudomonads. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. and Serol. 35: 307-317.

Delisle, A. L. and R. E. Levin. 1969. Bacteriophages of psychrophilic pseudomonads. II. Host range of phage active against Pseudmonas putrefaciens. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. and Serol. 35: 318-324.

Levin, R. E. 1969. Electrically heated cuvette chamber for deoxyribonucleic acid melting point determinations. Appl. Microbiol. 18: 528-530.

Sadovski, A. Y. and R. E. Levin. 1969. Extracellular nuclease activity of fish spoilage bacteria, fish pathogens and related species. Appl. Microbiol. 17: 787-789.

Moore, G. S., H. A. Peters and R. E. Levin. 1970. Alterations in the electrophoretic protein patterns of refrigerated fish. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 27: 31-38.

Chen, M. K. C. and R. E. Levin. 1970. Chemical destruction of Aspergillus niger conidiospores. J. Food Science. 35: 62-66.

Rosen, A. and R. E. Levin. 1970. Detection and incidence of Escherichia coli on storage pen surfaces of fish trawlers. Appl. Microbiol. 20: 107-112.

Rosen, A. and R. E. Levin. 1970. Vibrios from fish pen slime which mimic Escherichia coli on Violet Red Bile Agar. Appl. Microbiol. 20: 107-112.

Delisle, A. L. and R. E. Levin. 1972. Characteristics of three phages infectious for psychrophilic fishery isolates of Pseudomonas putrefaciens. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. and Serol. 38: 1-8.

Delisle, A. L. and R. E. Levin. 1972. Effect of temperature on an obligately psychrophilic phage-host system of Pseudomonas putrefaciens. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. and Serol. 38: 9-15.

Levin, R. E. 1972. Correlation of DNA base composition and metabolism of Pseudmonas putrefaciens isolates from food, human clinical specimens and other sources. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. and Serol. 38: 121-127.

Goodwin, K., R. E. Levin and R. G. Doggett. 1972. Autosensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to its own pyocin. Inf. and Imm. 6: 889-892.

Chen, T. C., W. W. Nawar and R. E. Levin. 1974. Identification of major high-boiling volatile compounds produced during refrigerated storage of haddock fillets. Appl. Microbiol. 28: 679-680.

Chen, T. C. and R. E. Levin. 1974. Taxonomic significance and phenethyl alcohol production by Achromobacter isolates from fishery sources. Appl. Microbiol. 28: 681-687.

Chen, T., C. and R. E. Levin. 1975. Isolation of Aeromonas sp. ATCC 29063, a phenol-producing organism, form fresh haddock. Appl. Microbiol. 30: 120-122.

Williams, J. L. and R. E. Levin. 1975. Bacteriocin typing of Pseudomonas putrefaciens from food, human clinical specimens and other sources. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. and Serol. 41: 97-100.

Levin, R. E. 1975. Characteristics of weak-H2S-producing isolates of Pseudomonas putrefaciens from human infections. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. and Serol. 41: 137-142.

Chai, T. S. and R. E. Levin. 1975. Characteristics of heavily mucoid bacterial isolates from fish pen slime. Appl. Microbiol. 30: 450-455.

Levin, R. E. and C. Van Sickle. 1976. Autolysis of high-GC isolates of Pseudomonas putrefaciens . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. and Serol. 42: 145-155.

Stevens, R. and R. E. Levin. 1976. Viscometric assay of bacterial alginase. Appl. Microbiol. 31: 896-899.

Carman, G. M. and R. E. Levin. 1977. Partial purification and some properties of tyrosine phenol-lyase from Aeromonas phenologenes ATCC 29063. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33: 192-198.

Lin, T. S., R. E. Levin and H. O. Hultin. 1977. Myoglobin oxidation in ground beef. Microorganisms and Food Additives. J. Fd. Sci. 42: 151-154.

Carman, G. M. and R. E. Levin. 1978. Characteristics of tyrosine phenol-lyase from Aeromonas phenologenes ATCC 29063. J. Fd. Biochem. 1: 285-299.

Stutz, H. K., G. J. Silverman, W. M. Spira, CRL-Dacca and R. E. Levin. 1978. An apparatus for collecting volatiles and maintaining a constant oxygen concentration. J. Fd. Sci. 43: 658-659.

Van Sickle, C. and R. E. Levin. 1978. Relative rates of autolysis of high and low GC isolates of Pseudomonas putrefaciens and other gram negative bacteria. Microbios Letters. 6: 85-94.

Levin, R. E. 1978. Extractable protein as a measure of postmortem age of refrigerated haddock. J. Fd. Biochem. 2: 367-378.

Saxe, S. and R. E. Levin. 1979. Characteristics and mouse pathogenicity of a clinical isolate of Pseudomonas putrefaciens. Microbios Letters. 10: 103-109.

Biggs, C. B. and R. E. Levin. 1979. Inhibition of yeasts by the fluorescent culture filtrate of Pseudomonas septica. Microbios Letters. 11: 33-35.

Saxe, S. and R. E. Levin. 1980. Mouse lethality of Pseudmonas putrefaciens and Alteromonas putrefaciens isolates from clinical and non-clinical sources. Microbios Letters. 12: 59-63.

Levin, R. E. 1980. Antibiotic sensitivity of Pseudomonas putrefaciens and Alteromonas putrefaciens isolates. Microbios Letters. 13: 109-115.

Levin, R. E. and R. R. Mahoney. 1981. Purification and characterization of B-galactosidase from a strain of Bacillus coagulans . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. and Serol. 47: 53-64.

Levin, D. E., Blunt, E. L and Levin, R. E. 1981. Modified fluctuation test for the direct detection of mutagens in foods with Salmonella typhimurium TA98. Mutation Res. 85: 309-321.

Zaya, M. J. and Levin, R. E. Effect of caffeine on methyl methane sulfonate induced his- reversion in S. typhimurium and on alkylation of transforming DNA in B. subtilis. Microbios Letters. 19: 31-36.

Parker, L. L. and Levin, R. E. 1982. DNA-DNA homology between strains of Alteromonas putrefaciens. Microbios. Letters. 21: 9-73.

Levin, R. E. 1982. Influence of caffeine on mutations induced by nitrosoguanidine in Salmonella typhimurium tester strains. Environ. Mut. 4: 689-694.

Muche, A. A. and Levin, R. E. 1983. Repression of UV induction of prophage by caffeine. Mutation Res. 119: 1-6.

Parker, L. O. and Levin, R. E. 1983. Relative incidence of Alteromonas putrefaciens and Pseudomonas putrefaciens in ground beef. Appl. and Environ. Microbiol. 45: 796-799.

Blom, K. and Levin, R. E. 1984. Induction of SOS repair by caffeine. Microbios Letters. 26: 7-11.

Makarios-Laham, I. and Levin, R. E. 1984. Isolation from haddock tissue of psychrophilic bacteria with maximum growth temperatures below 20oC. Appl. and Environ. Microbiol. 48: 439-440.

Levin, R. E. and Witkowsky, R. 1984. Modulation of mitomycin C induction of prophage lambda by caffeine. Microbios Letters. 27: 89-94.

Makarios-Laham, I. and Levin, R. E. 1985. Autolysis of psychrophilic bacteria from marine fish. Appl. and Environ. Microbiol. 49: 997-998.

Makarios-Laham, I. and Levin, R. E. 1985. Potentiation of autolysis of obligately psychrophilic bacteria of marine fish origin. Microbios Letters. 29: 131-136.

Levin, R. E. and Witkowsky, R. 1985. Relative induction of prophage lambda by caffeine, theophylline and theobromine. Microbios Letters. 29: 127-130.

Makarios-Laham, I. and Levin, R. E. 1985. Effect of temperature on the growth of an obligately psychrophilic bacterial isolate of marine fish origin. Microbios Letters. 30: 135-139.

Kim, J. and Levin, R. E. 1986. Influence of caffeine on mitomycin C induced mutagenesis. Microbios. 46: 15-20.

Chen, C. and Levin, R. E. 1986. Milk.-clotting enzymes from bacteria of marine fish origin. Microbios. 47: 37-43.

Makarios-Laham, I. and R. E. Levin. 1986. Effect of cations on the autolysis of psychrophilic vibrios of marine fish origin. Microbios Letters. 33: 121-125.

Levin, R. E., Dugan, C. and Witkowski, R. 1986. Studies on caffeine as a modulator of azide-induced mutagenesis in strains of salmonella typhimurium. Microbios Letters. 33: 131-137.

Rastogi, P. B. and R. E. Levin. 1987. Induction of sperm abnormalities in mice by quercetin. Environ. Mut. 9: 79-86.

Makarios-Laham and Levin, R. E. 1987. Thermally-induced leakage and death of a psychrophilic marine bacterium of fish origin. Microbios. 50: 153-161.

Kim, J. and Levin, R. E.. 1988. Mechanism of caffeine repression of mitomycin C induced reversion in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA94. Microbios. 53: 181-190.

Gervais, G., Levin, R. E. and Whitney;, L. 1988. Studies on the depuration of the soft-shell clam Mya arenaria . Final report to Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality and Engineering. 122 pp.

Witkowski, R. and Levin, R. E. 1988. Enhanced detection procedure for plasmid screening. Microbios Letters. 37: 115-118.

Hamama, A. A. and Levin, R. E. 1988. Induced mutation of Chlorella vulgaris to halotolerance. Microbios. 56: 37-44.

Levin, R. E., R. Witkowski, Y. Meirong, and S. Goldhor. 1989. Research note: preparation of fish silage with phosphoric acid and potassium sorbate. J. Food Biochem. 12: 253-259.

Rastogi, P. B., Witkowsky, R. D. and Levin, R. E. 1989. Effect of caffeine on mitomycin C induction of prophage lambda. Microbios Letters. 40: 67-71.

Lucas, R. D. and R. E. Levin. 1989. Genetic transformation between strains of Listeria monocytogenes . Letters in Applied Microbiology. 9: 215-218.

Fang, L. F. and Levin, R. E. 1990. Relative effectiveness of yeast cell wall digesting enzymes on Yarrowia lipolytica . Microbios. 63: 109-115.

Kim, J. and Levin, R. E. 1990. Influence of caffeine on the induction of SOS functions recA and umuC by mitomycin C in Escherichia coli. Microbios. 64: 185-195.

Levin, R. E., Fagerson, I.S., Kaarp, D., Park, Y. W. , Kim J. and Goldhor, S.H. 1990. Optimization of papain hydrolysis of cod frames, p. 251-264. In M. N. Voigt and J. R. Botta (ed.) Advances in Fisheries Technology and Biotechnology for Increased Profitability. Technomic Publ. Co. Lancaster, PA.

Levin, R. E. and Wikowski, R. 1991. Characteristics and identity of obligately aerobic spoilage yeasts from fish silage. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 71: 354-359.

Stutz, J.K, Silverman, G.J., Angelini, J., and Levin, R. E. 1991. Bacteria and volatile compounds associated with ground beef spoilage. J. Food Science. 56: 1147-1153.

Levin, R. E. 1991. Paralytic shellfish toxins: their origin, characteristics and methods of detection: a review. J. Fd. Biochem. 15: 405-417.

Levin, R. E. 1992. Development of a tropical fish assay for saxitoxin. J. Food Safety. 13: 1-5.

Giurca, R. and Levin, R. E. 1992. Optimization of the lactic acid fermentation of hydrolyzed cod gurry with molasses. J. Food Biochem. 16: 83-97.

Mahmoud, M. and Levin R. E. 1993. Fermentative production of propionic acid in hydrolyzed cod (Gadus morhus). J. Food Biochem. 17: 201-214.

Giurca, R. and Levin, R. E. 1993. Optimization of the lactic acid fermentation of hydrolyzed cod (Gadus morhua) gurry with corn syrup as carbohydrate source. J. Food Biochem. 16: 277-289.

Witkowski, R. and Levin, R. E. 1994. Differentiation of Listeria monocytogenes from Listeria grayi based on ultraviolet sensitivity. Biomedical Letters 49: 107-112.

Walters, D. and Levin, R. E. 1994. Isolation and characteristics of a yeast from preserved fish hydrolysate notably resistant to propionic acid. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 77: 251-255.

Broux, K. and Levin, R. E. 1994. Influence of caffeine on ultraviolet sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria grayi.. Biomedical Letters. 50: 289-292.

Shetty, K., Curtis, O. F. Levin, R. E., Witkowsky, R. and Ang, W. 1995. Prevention of vitrification associated with in vitro shoot culture of oregano (Origanum vulgare) by Pseudomonas spp. J. Plant. Physiol. 147: 447-451.

Rastogi, P. B. and Levin, R. E. 1996. Metabolic activation and inactivation of metanil yellow and orange II in the Salmonella typhimurium his- reversion assay. J. Fd. Protection. 58: 1-6.

Chen, L., Wang, J. and Levin, R. E. 1996. Effect of benzylpenicillin on the viability and osmotic sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes. Letters in Appl. Microbiol. 22: 10-12.

Chen, L., Wang, J. and Levin, R. E. 1996. Effects of benzylpenicillin on glucose utilization, macromolecule synthesis, and cell wall proteins of Listeria monocytogenes. Letters in Appl. Microbiol. 22: 13-15.

Shetty, K., Curtis, O. F., and Levin, R. E. 1996. Specific interaction of mucoid strains of Pseudomonas spp. with Oregano (Origanum vulgare ) clones and the relationship to prevention of hyperhydricitiy in tissue culture. J. Plant Physiol. 149: 605-611.

El-Shemy, M. G. and Levin, R. E. 1997. Characterization of affinity- purified trypsin from hybrid Tilapia (Tilapia nilotica/aureu ). J. Food Biochem. 21: 163-175.

Dantzer, W. R. and Levin, R. E. 1997. Bacterial influence on the production of paralytic shellfish toxins by dinoflagellated algae. J. Appl. Microbiol. 83: 464-469.

Abolmaaty, A, Levin, R. E., and Abdallah, M. A. 1997. Development of a spectrophotometric immuno-agglutination assay for quantitation of IgG for Escherichia coli O157. Microbios. 91: 37-46.

Cao, H., Guirca, R, and Levin, R. E. 1997. Continuous propionic acid fermentation of hydrolyzed cod (Gadus morhua) gurry. J. Food Biochem. 21: 371-382.

Salama, A. A., Mohamed, M. A. M., Duval, B., Potter, T. L. and Levin, R. E. 1998. Polychrolinated biphenyl concentration in raw and cooked North Atlantic blue fish (Pomatomus saltatrix ) fillets. J. Agric. & Fd. chem. 46: 1359-1362.

Mohamed, M. A. M., Osman, M. A., Potter, T. L., and Levin, R. E. 1998. Lead and cadmium in Nile river water and finished drinking water in greater Cairo, Egypt. environment International. 24: 767-772.

Abolmaasty, A., El-Shemy, M. G. Khallag, M. F. and Levin, R. E. 1998. Effect of lysing methods and their variables on the yield of Escherichia coli O157:H7 DNA and its PCR amplification. J. Microbiol. Methods. 34: 133-141.

Zheng, Z., Levin, R. E., Pinkham, J. L., and Shetty, K. 1998. Decolorization of polymeric dyes by a novel Penicillium isolate. Process Biochem. 33: 1-7.

Abolmaaty, A, C. Vu, J. Oliver, and R. E. Levin. 2000. Development of a new lysis solution for releasing genomic DNA from bacterial cells for DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction. Microbios. 101: 181-189.

Ferenc, J., Oliver, J., Witkowski, R., McLandsborough, L. and Levin, R. E. 2000. Studies on the growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains at 45oC. J. Food Protection. 63: 1173-1178.

Guan, J. and Levin, R. E. 2002. Quantitative Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef by the polymerase chain reaction. Food Microbiol. 19: 159-165.

Abolmaaty, A. and Levin, R. E. 2002. Development of a microslide aglutination assay with the aid of an inexpensive projection microscope. J. Microbiol. Methods. 51: 421-423.

Zhang, Y.,Lu, H. and Levin, R. E. 2003. Enhanced storage-life of fresh haddock fillets with stabilized sodium chlorite in ice. Food Microbiol. 20: 87-90.

Guan, J. and Levin, R. E. 2002. Quantitative detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef by immunomagnetic separation and polymerase chain reaction. Food Biotechnol. 16: (2) 135-144.

Guan, J. and Levin, R. E. 2002. Sensitive and rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef by nested PCR incorporating immunomagnetic separation. Food Biotechnol. 16: (2) 145-154.

Guan, J. and Levin, R. E. 2002. Quantitative detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef by immunomagnetic separation and competitive polymerase chain reaction. Food Biotechnol. 16: (3) 155-166.

Levin, R. E. 2003. Application of the polymerase chain reaction for detection of Listeria monocytogenes in foods: a review of methodology. Food Biotechnology. 17: (2) 99-116.

Kim, J. and Levin R. E. 2003. Influence of caffeine on the repair of mitomycin C induced DNA damage. Food Biotechnology. 17: (2) 151-161.

Levin, R. E. 2003. Application of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PGFE) analysis to Listeria monocytogenes: A review of methodology and results. Food Biotechnol. 17: (3) 217-236 .

Levin, R. E. 2004. The application of real-time PCR to food and agricultural systems. A review. Food Biotechnol. 18(1):97-133.

Wang, S. and Levin, R. E. 2004. Quantitative determination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by polymerase chain reaction. Food Biotechnol. 18: (3) 279-287.

Wang, S. and Levin, R. E. 2005. Quantification of Vibrio vulnificus using the polymerase chain reaction. Food Biotechnol. 19(1):27-35.

Levin, R. E. 2005. Vibrio vulnificus, a notably lethal human pathogen derived from seafood: a review of its pathogenicity, subspecies characterization, and molecular methods of detection. Food Biotechnol. 19(1):69-93.

Wang, S. and Levin, R. E. 2005. Discrimination of viable Vibrio vulnificus cells from dead cells in real-time PCR. J. Microbiol. Methods, 64(1):1-8.

Cao, J. K., Witkowski, R. K, Lu, H., Abolmaaty, A., Lu, S., and Levin, R. E. 2005. Detection, enumeration, and RAPD analysis of Listeria monocytogenes isolates in fish derived from retail sources in Western Massachusetts. Food Biotechnol. 19: 145-160.

Cao, J., Cronin, C., McLandsborough, L., Levin, R. 2005. Effects of primers and Taq polymerase on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis for typing Listeria monocytogenes from the environment of a shrimp processing plant. Food Biotchnol. 19:217-226.

Vattem, D. A., Jang, H-D, Levin, R. and Shetty, K. 2006. Synergism of cranberry phenolics with ellagic acid and rosmarinic acid for antigenic and DNA-protection functions. J. Fd. Biochem. 30:98-116.

Wang, S. and Levin, R. E. 2005. Quantitative detection of Vibrio vulnificus by competitive polymerase chain reaction. Food Biotechnol. 19(3):193-204.

Cao, J., Clark, M., Witkowski, R., Lu, H., Sayedahman, A., Levin, R. E. ,McLandsborough, L. A. 2006. Concentration and tracking of Listeria monocytogenes strains in a seafood-processing environment using a most-probable number enrichment procedure and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. J. Food Protection 69:489-494.

Lu, S., Liu, B., Cao, J., Zhou,B., and R. E. Levin. 2006. Incidence and enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish from two retail sources and the genetic diversity of isolates as determined by RAPD-PCR analysis. Food Biotechnol. 20:193-210.

Gu, W., Cao, J., and R. E. Levin. 2006. Quantification of Plesiomonas shigelloides using PCR based on 23S rRNA gene. Food Biotechnol. 20:211-218.

Gu, W., and R. E. Levin. 2006. Factors affecting quantitative PCR assay of Plesiomonas shigelloides. Food Biotechnol. 20:219-230.

Levin, R. E. 2006. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a notably lethal human pathogen derived from seafood: a review of its pathogenicity, characteristics, subspecies characterization, and molecular methods of detection. Food Biotechnol. 20:93-128.

Wang, S. and Levin, R. E. 2006. Rapid quantification of Vibrio vulnificus in clams (protochaca staminea) using real-time PCR. Food Microbiol. 23:757-761.

Gu, W., and Levin, R. E. 2006. Quantitative detection of Plesiomonas shigelloides in clam and oyster tissue by PCR. Int. J. food Microbiol. 111:81-86.

Gu, W., Gonzalez-Rey, C., Krovacek, K., Levin, R. (2006). Genetic variability among isolates of Plesiomonas shigelloides from fish, human clinical sources and fresh water, determined by RAPD typing. Food Biotechnol. 20:1-12.

Lee, Jung-Lim and Robert E. Levin. 2006. Selection of universal primers for PCR quantification of total bacteria associated with fish fillets. Food Biotechnol. 20(3):275-286.

Lee, Jung-Lim and Robert E. Levin. 2006. Direct application of the polymerase chain reaction for quantification of total bacteria on fish fillets. Food Biotechnol. 20(3):287-298.

Lee, Jung-Lim Lee, Levin, Robert E. 2006. Discrimination of viable and dead Vibrio vulnificus after refrigerated and frozen storage using EMA, sodium deoxycholate and real-time PCR. J. Microbiol Meth. 79:184-188.

Abolmaaty, A., Gu, W., Witkowsky, R. and Levin, R. E. 2007. The use of activated charcoal for the removal of PCR inhibitors from oyster samples. J. Microbiol. Meth. 68: 349 – 352.

Gu, W. and Levin, R. (2007). Quantification of viable Plesiomonas shigelloides in a mixture of viable and dead cells using ethidium bromide monoazide and conventional PCR. Food Biotechnol. 21:145-159.

Wang, Shishan and Levin, R. E. 2007. Thermal factors influencing detection of Vibrio vulnificus using real-time PCR. Journal of Microbiological Methods 69:358–363.

Gu, W. and Levin, R. (2007). 2007. Quantification of Plesiomonas shigelloides in pure culture and clams by competitive PCR. Bood Biotechnol. 21 (1):17-31.

Lee, J.-L. and Levin, R. E. 2007. Rapid quantification of total bacteria on cod fillets by using real-time PCR. J. Fish. Sci. 1:58-67.

Luan, C. and Levin, R. E. 2008. Use of activated carbon coated with bentonite for increasing the sensitivity of PCR detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Canadian oyster (Crassostrea gigas) tissue. J. Microbiol. Meth. 72:67-72.

Gu, W. and Levin, R E 2008. Innovative Methods for Removal of PCR Inhibitors for Quantitative Detection of Plesiomonas shigelloides in Oysters by Real-Time PCR. Food Biotechnol. 22: 98 -113.

Lee, J.-L. and Levin, R. E. 2008. Discrimination of -irradiated and nonirradiated Vibrio vulnificus by using real-time polymerase chain reaction. J. Appl. Microbiol. 104: 728-734.
Levin, R. E. 2007. Campylobacter jejuni: A review of its characteristics, pathogenicity, ecology, distribution, subspecies characterization, and molecular methods of detection. J. Food Biotechnol. 21: 271-347.

Lee, Jung-Lim and Levin, R. E. 2008. New approach for discrimination of Vibrio vulnificus by real-time PCR before and after -irradiation. J. Microbiol. Meth. 73: 1-6.

Lu, S. and Levin, R. (2008). Dominant bacterial Genera of a tilapia fish farm and RAPD typing of Vibrio isolates. Journal of fisheries Sciences. 2:183-195.

Levin, R. E. (2009). Molecular Methods for Detecting and Discriminating Shigella Associated with Foods and Human Clinical Infections. A Review. Food Biotechnol. 23:214-228.

Levin, R. E. (2008). Plesiomonas shigelloides - An Aquatic Food Borne Pathogen: A Review of its Characteristics, Pathogenicity, Ecology, and Molecular Detection. Food Biotechnol. 22:189-202.

Aspiraksakorn J., Nitisinprasert, S and Levin, R. E. (2008). Grass degrading b-1,3-1,4-D-glucanases from Bacillus subtilis GN156: Purification and characterization of glucanase J1 and pJ2 possessing extremely acidic pI. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 149:53–66

Levin R. E. 2009. Molecular methods for detecting and discriminating virulent aeromonads associated with foods and human clinical infections-A mini review. Food Biotechnol. 23:1-7.

Wang, S. and Levin, R. 2010. Interference of real-time PCR quantification of Vibrio vulnificus by a novel DNase from the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Food Biotechnol. 24:121-134.

Jung-Lim Lee and Robert E. Levin. 2009. Detection of Vibrio vulnificus before and after -irradiation in quahog clam (Mercenaria mecenaria) tissue using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Food Biotechnol. 23:121-132.

Levin, R. E. 2009. The use of molecular methods for detecting and discriminating Salmonella associated with foods: A Review. Food Biotechnol. 23:313-367

Lee, J. -L., Levin, R. E. 2009. A comparative study of the ability of EMA and PMA to distinguish viable from heat killed mixed bacterial flora from fish fillets. J. Microbiol. Meth. 76:93-96.

Lee, J. -L., Levin, R. E. 2009. Improved detection of -irradiated Vibrio vulnificus after heat and cold shock treatment by using ethidium monozide real-time PCR. Food Sci. & Biotechnol. 18:788-792.

Lee, J. -L, Levin, R. E. 2009. Discrimination of viable and dead Vibrio vulnificus after refrigerated and frozen storage using EMA, sodium deoxycholate and real-time PCRS. J. Microbiol. Meth. 79:184-188.

Lu, Shuxia and Levin, R. E. 2010. Shewanella in a tilapia farm. J. Fisheries Sciences. 4:159-170.

Lee, J. -L., Levin, R. E. 2010. Selective detection of mixed bacterial survivors from fish fillets after freezing and thawing by ethidium bromide monoazide and real-time PCR. Food Biotechnol. 24:270-281.

Lee, J. -L., Levin, R. E. 2011. Detection of 5 CFU/g of E. coli O157:H7 on lettuce using activated charcoal and real-time PCR without enrichment. Food Microbiol. 28:562-567.

Opet, N., Levin, R. E. 2013. Efficacy of coating activated carbon with milk proteins to prevent binding of bacterial cells from foods for PCR detection. J. Microbiol. Meth. 94:69-72.

Opet, N., Levin, R. E. (2013). Use of β-cyclodextrin and activated carbon for quantification of Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis from ground beef by conventional PCR without enrichment. Food Microbiol. 38:75-79.

Phuapaiboon, P., Lenanon, B., Levin, R. E. 2012. Effect of Lactococcus lactis immobilized within pineapple and Yam bean segments and jerusalem artichoke powder on its viability and quality of yogurt. Food & Bioprocess Technology. 6:2751-2762.

Cossu, Andrea. Levin , Robert E. 2014. Rapid conventional PCR and real-time-qPCR detection of low number of Salmonella enterica from ground beef without enrichment. Food Biotechnol. 28:96-105.

Landry, K. and Levin, R. E. 2014. Development of a Novel Affinity Membrane Purification System for Deoxyribonuclease. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 172:1964-1969.

Landry, K. and Levin, R. E. 2014. Purification of iso-ribonucleases from a novel thermophilic Fungus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 15:944-957.

Landry, Kyle S., Vu, Andrea and Levin, Robert E. 2014. Purification of an inducible DNase from a thermophilic fungus Int. J. Mol. Sci. 15:1300-1314.

Landry, Kyle S., and Levin, Robert E. 2014. Characterization of a recently purified thermophilic DNase from a novel thermophilic fungus. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. DOI 10.1007/s12010-014-0907-1

Cossu, Andrea., Witkowsky, Ruth, and Levin , Robert E. 2014. Fat removal with hydrolyzed corn starch for Real-Time qPCR detection of Salmonella enterica in ground beef in 4.5 hours without enrichment. Food Control. 46:475-479.

Books and Book Chapters

Levin, R. E. 2009. ELISA assays for detection and quantification of microorganisms and toxins in foods. Encyclopedia of Biotechnol. In Agric. and Food. 4 pages.

Levin, R. E. 2006. Food Microbiology. In Food Biotechnology, 2nd ed K. Shetty, G. Paliyath, A Pometto, and R. Levin, eds. CRC Press. Pg. 3-17.

Levin, R. E. 2006. Application of ELISA Assays for Detection and Quantitation of toxins in Foods. In Food Biotechnology, 2nd ed. K. Shetty, G. Paliyath, A Pometto, and R. Levin,. CRC Press. Pg. 1545-1567.

Levin , R. E. 2006. Application of microbial molecular techniques to food systems. In Food Biotechnology 2nd ed. K. Shetty, G. Paliyath, A. Pometto, and R. Levin, eds. CRC Press. Pg. 1345-1359.

Levin, R. E. 2008. DNA-Based Technique: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). In Modern Techniques for Food Authentication, Da-Wen Sun, ed. Elsevier, N.Y. Pp. 411 - 476.

Levin, R. E. 2008. Assessment of Seafood Spoilage and the Microorganisms Involved. In Handbook of Seafood and Seafood Products Analysis. Leo Nollet and F. Toldrá, eds. 27 pp.

Levin, R. E. 2010. The Use of Molecular Methods for Detecting and Discriminating Food Borne Infectious Bacteria. CRC Press. 548 pp.

Levin, R. E. 2014. Bacteria: Plesiomonas shigelloides. Encyclopedia of Food Safety. Vol. 1: History, Science and Methods. 480-485.

Levin, R. E. 2013. The Plague: History, Clinical Aspects, Immunology, Molecular Biology, and PCR detection of Yersinia pestis, the causative organism. Research signpost, Kerala, India. 227 pp.

Levin, R. E. 2014. Anthrax: History, Biology, Global Distribution, Clinical Aspects, Immunology, and Molecular Biology. Bentham Science Publications, N.Y. 264. Pp.